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A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e., whether they conflict with constitutionally established rights and freedoms. The list in this article is of countries that have a separate constitutional court. Many countries do not have separate constitutional courts, but instead delegate constitutional judicial authority to their supreme court. Nonetheless, such courts are sometimes also called "constitutional courts"; for example, some have called the Supreme Court of the United States "the world's oldest constitutional court" because it was the first court in the world to invalidate a law as unconstitutional (''Marbury v. Madison''), even though it is not a separate constitutional court. The First Austrian Republic, in 1919, established the first dedicated Constitutional Court, which however existed in name only until 10 October 1920, when the country's new constitution came into effect, upon which the court gained the power to review the laws of Austria's federal states.〔(Constitutional Court of Austria - History )〕 The Czechoslovakian Constitution of 1920, which came into effect on 2 February 1920, was the first to provide for a dedicated court for judicial review of parliamentary laws, but the court did not convene until November 1921. Before that, only the United States, Canada and Australia had adopted the concept of judicial review by their supreme courts following shared principles of their similar common law legal systems, which they, in turn, had inherited from British legal practice. (The United Kingdom itself has neither a Supreme Court nor a codified constitution to be reviewed by such a court.) ==List== Countries with separate constitutional courts include: * Albania * Angola * Armenia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bashkortostan (Russian republic) * Belarus * Belgium * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria * Burma * Chile * Colombia * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Croatia * Czech Republic * Czechoslovakia * Ecuador * Egypt * France * Georgia * Germany * Greece * Hungary * Indonesia * Iran * Italy * Jordan * Kosovo * Kyrgyzstan * Latvia * Lithuania * Moldova * Mongolia * Peru * Poland * Portugal * Romania * Russia * Serbia * Slovakia * Slovenia * South Africa * South Korea * Spain * Republic of China (Taiwan) * Thailand * Turkey * Uganda * Ukraine 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Constitutional court」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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